虚拟语气的用法归纳

虚拟语气的用法.虚拟语气的用法【虚拟语气的用法归纳】

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虚拟语气表示说话人的愿望、假设、猜测或建议,而不表示客观存在的事实。虚拟语气通过谓语动词的特殊形式来表示。下面分别介绍虚拟语气在各种句式中的用法。

1. 虚拟语气用于条件状语从句

注意:主句中的should通常用于第一人称,would可用于任何人称,同时也可根据意思用情态动词could, might等代替should, would 。

1)表示与现在事实相反:

If I were you, I should stay at home.

If the peasants could farm the land themselves, food production would be much higher.

If fewer cash crops were grown, more food could be produced and there would be less or no starvation.

2)表示与过去事实相反:

If you had come yesterday, you would have met him.

If the hurricane had happened during the daytime, there would have been many deaths.

3)表示与将来事实相反:If you came tomorrow, we would have the meeting.

If it were to/should rain tomorrow, the meeting would be put off.

If it should rain, the crops would be saved.

4)当条件状语从句表示的行为和主句表示的行为所发生的时间不一致时,动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间来调整。例如:If you had followed the doctor's advice, you would be quite all right now. (从句说的是过去,主句指的是现在.)

5)以上句型可以转换成下列形式:①从句省略if,用倒装句式"were, had, should+主语" 。例如:Were I in school again, I would work harder. Had you been here earlier, you would have seen him. Should there be a meeting tomorrow, I would come.②用介词短语代替条件状语从句。例如:Without air, there would be no living things. I would not have succeeded but for your help.

2.虚拟语气用于宾语从句

1)"wish+宾语从句"表示不能实现的愿望,汉语可译为"可惜……"、"……就好了"、"悔不该……"、"但愿……"等。表示现在不能实现的愿望,从句的谓语动词用过去式;表示将来不能实现的愿望,用"would(could)+动词原形";表示过去不能实现的愿望,用"had+过去分词"或"(could)would + have + 过去分词" 。例如:

I wish we could go to the seaside today.

I wish you told me earlier.

We wish we had arrived there two hours earlier.

2)虚拟语气在动词arrange, command, demand, desire, insist, order, propose, request, require, suggest 等后面的宾语从句中,用"(should)+动词原形" 。例如:

I suggested that the meeting (should) be put off.

The doctor ordered that she (should) stay in bed for a few days.

They demanded that the black people should be treated as well as white people.

注意:insist作"力言"、"强调"解时,宾语从句不用虚拟语气。只有当insist作"坚持(应该)"解时,宾语从句才用虚拟语气。例如:

Mike insisted that he had never stolen anything.

I insisted that you give me my money back.

3.虚拟语气用于表语从句、同位语从句做advice, idea, order, demand, plan, proposal, suggestion, request 等名词的表语从句和同位语从句,其谓语动词要用虚拟语气的结构"(should)+动词原形" 。例如:

We all agreed to his suggestion that we (should)go to Beijing for sightseeing.

My idea is that he (should) do exercises first.

4.虚拟语气用于以as if(as though)引导的表语从句或状语从句

如果从句表示与现在事实相反,谓语动词用一般过去时;表示与过去事实相反,谓语动词用"had+过去分词";表示与将来事实相反,谓语动词用"would(might, could )+动词原形" 。例如:

He looked at me as if I were mad.

He speaks English so fluently as if he had studied English in England.

It looks as if it might rain.

但as if(as though)后的从句也常用陈述语气,这是因为从句中的情况往往是可能发生的或可能被设想为真实的。例如:

It looks as if our side is going to win.

5.虚拟语气用于主语从句

在主语从句中,谓语动词的虚拟语气结构用"should+动词原形"的结构,表示惊奇、不相信、惋惜、理应如此等。例如:

It is necessary (important, natural, desirable, advisable, strange, etc.) that we should clean the room every day.

It was a pity (a shame, no wonder, etc.) that you should be so careless.

It will be desired (suggested, decided, ordered, requested, proposed, etc.) that she should finish her homework this afternoon.

在上述三种主语从句中,should意为"应该"、"竟然",可以省去,但不可换用would 。主句所用动词的时态不限。

注意:这种从句表示的是事实。如果说话人对这种事实表示惊奇,就可用虚拟语气。反之,如果不表示惊奇,that从句也可用陈述语气。例如:

It is strange that he did not come yesterday.

It is a pity that you can't swim.
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一、语气概述

时态语态一样，语气也是谓语动词的一种形式，它表明说话者的目的和意图。英语中有三种语气：陈述语气，祈使语气和虚拟语气。（有的语法书说语气有四种，即还包括疑问语气）。

eg:

①He doesn’t see very well in his right eye. 他右眼视力不太好。（陈述语气）

②Have they ever been to Australia ?     他们去过澳大利亚没有？（疑问语气）

③Please read through the instruction in advance.请先通读说明书。（祈使语气）

二、虚拟语气概述

在英语中，由于说话人的意图不同，动词需用不同的形式，称为语气。虚拟语气是指说话人表示一种假设的情况，一种愿望，怀疑，推测，请求等，即认为动词所表示的动作或状态并非事实。虚拟语气可用于状语从句，名词性从句，定语从句及其他结构中。

三、虚拟语气的定义

如果一件事不是真实的，而是虚拟的，就在这个动词身上加一个did 。

四、非真实条件句中的虚拟语气

A.由If引导的两种条件句：

真实条件句（遵循主将从现原则）

非真实条件句（虚拟语气）

以下为If在非真实条件句中虚拟语气的形式和用法：

eg:

①If I were you ,I would reconsider their advice.

如果我是你的话，我会重新考虑他们的意见。（与现在事实相反）

②You would not have caught a cold if you had put on more clothes.

如果你多穿了些衣服，你就不会得感冒了。（与过去事实相反）

③If I were to / should do it ,I would do it in different way.

如果我做这件事，我将用不同的方法做。（与将来事实相反）

注意：在非正式文体中，如果If 条件句中有助动词were / should / had可将其提于主语之前（位于句首），再把If省掉，即形成部分倒装。

当主从句所表示的时间不一致时，主从句按各自的时间采用相应的谓语形式。

常见的有：

①If I were you ... = Were I you ...   如果我是你/我要是你......

       ②If it were not for ... = Were it not for ...       如果要不是......

       ③If it had not been for ...=Had it not been for ...    如果当时要不是......

（③主句用：should / could / would / might + have done的形式， ps.在此结构中， had为助动词。若为谓语动词，则不能省略、倒装。）

B.错综时间条件句

主句和从句不是一个时间平台，需要分别在三个时间平台里“选形式” 。

从过完用had done ，主过将用would do

从用should / were to ，主过将完用would have done

eg:

①If the weather had been more favorable ,the crops would be growing still better.

如果天气更好的话，庄稼就会长得跟好些。（从句指过去，主句指现在）

②If I were you ,I would have taken his advice.

我要是你，我就采取了他的建议。（从句指现在，主句指过去）

C.含蓄虚拟条件句（if省略句）

有时假设的情况不以条件句的形式表现出了，而是通过一个介词短语或分词或其他方式表现出来。当虚拟条件句的谓语动词含有were / should / had时， if可以省略，这时条件从句要用倒装语序，即把were, should, had等词置于句首，这种多用于书面语。

(1)省略if

Step1:去掉if 。

Step2:助系情提到主语之前。

     •Were I you, I would go.

     •Had I known about the party, I would have come.

     •Should I go abroad, I would buy you a gift.

注意：在虚拟主句中，主语只有是第一人称时，才能用should 。

(2)根本没有if

有些句子里，没有if ，但是有but for（若不是）/ without / under / otherwise / but / or / but that（若不是）等，此时可把它们看做虚拟条件句，然后根据时间平台，选择主句的动词形式。

• Without your help, I wouldn’t have passed the exam.

= If you didn’t help me, I wouldn’t have passed the exam.

=But for your help, I would not have passed this exam.

• I don’t have your telephone number, otherwise / or I would have called you back.

= If I had your number, I would have called you back.

• What would you do with a million dollars?

=What would you do if you had a million dollars?

D.wish,as if / though和if only用法

(1)wish用法如下：

1.表示与现在相反的愿望: 主语 + wish (that)...did (were)...

eg: I wish I were a bird.

2.表示与过去相反的愿望: 主语 + wish (that)...had done...

eg: I wish I had seen the film.

（注意：如果wish在表达对过去情况的虚拟而不是未实现的愿望时，有

时也可用:主语+wish(that)...would / could have done）

3.表示与将来相反的愿望: 主语 + wish (that)... could / would / might do

eg: I wish you would do that again.

(2)由asif/though引导的表语从句

虚拟：同wish用法；be在第一，三人称可用were / was 。

陈述：表示可能发生的几率很大或被假设为真实的。

(3)If only...引导的条件句

（常用感叹的形式）表示强烈的不满，遗憾或愿望，主句常省略，意为：“要是/如果......该多好啊/就好了！” 。（注意：“only if ...”意为：“只要......” ，位于句首时采用部分倒装。）

eg:

①If only I could see him once more !               我要是再见到他就好了！

②If only we had telephoned him in advance !        要是事先给他打个电话就好了！

E. Suppose / Supposing / providing / provided (that)... / what if...等某些特殊的连词后引导的条件句中（有时无主句），表示与现在或将来事实相反用did；表示与过去相反用had done 。

eg:

①Suppose / Supposing (that) we told her the truth.   假定我们把事情的真相告诉她。

②What if you came tomorrow instead of today.      如果我是你明天来而不是今天来呢？

F.would rather后的宾语从句：表示愿望或尚未发生的动作。

had / would sooner / rather + that...从句中意为“宁愿” ，用did（be动词用were）表示对现在或将来的虚拟；用had done表示对过去的虚拟。

eg:

①She will get home at dinner time, but I would rather she got home a little earlier.

②He got drunk last night. I’d rather he hadn’t drunk so much.

五、名词性从句中的虚拟语气（should类虚拟语气）

即主句含有：建议、命令、请求、要求、愿望、主张等意思时，后面的从句用(should)+V原/ should have done的形式。但注意，若从句中含有“竟然，惊讶，诧异”之意时， “should”则不可以省。

（常见简记：一坚持，二命令，三建议，四要求）其他同下述用法：urge / propose

insist

order / command

advise / suggest / recommend +(that) sb. (should) do

ask / require / request / demand

eg:

①The teacher suggested that we (should) make good use of every minute.

②He ordered that all the book (should) be sent at once.

③She insisted that she (should) go to the south for her holiday.

注意：

六、副词性从句中的虚拟语气

A.as if / though用法

虽同wish ，但也有一些区别，如下：

as if / though从句时态不受主句限制。

①在谈论现在情形时用一般过去时。

②在谈论过去情形时用：

Ⅰ.一般过去时：表示过去当时存在的某种状态，但若状态动词后带有持续的时间状语，则要用过去完成时。

eg:

①They talked as if they had been friends for years.   他们谈起话来，好像是多年的朋友。

②He looked at me as if I were mad.                他看着我，好像我疯了似的。

Ⅱ.过去完成时：表过去的动作先于主句而发生，即使主句是现在时， as if 从句中的谓语动词也要用 had done 。

eg: It seems as if it had gone bad.它闻起来好像坏了。

③在谈论将来情形时用： would (could/might)+do

B.in case / lest / for fear that表“以防，以免”等引导的目的状语中的虚拟语气，其后的形为：(should)+

V原（但注意in case 句中的should通常不省）。若不用虚拟也可用陈述，即用：一般现在时或过去时。

C.even if / though “即使/纵然/虽然”

虚拟：同if用法相同。（方法：主句含有情态动词的过去式）

陈述：表示真实情况。

七、形容词性从句中的虚拟语气

八、虚拟语气固定句型

1. Would you mind+主语+谓语虚拟？您是否介意…?

2. would rather (that)主语+谓语虚拟宁愿…

3. It is high time that sb. did / (should) do sth.        到某人做某事的时间

4. It is necessary / important / essential / strange / natural /

advisable / surprising that sb. (should) do sth.

5. It is a pity / duty / shame / regret that sb. (should) do sth.

6 But for / Without + sth. +主语+谓语虚拟         要不是…

7. If only+主语+谓语虚拟                      要是…就好了！

8.主句+ as if / as though +主语+谓语虚拟       就好像…

九、情态动词+have done

could / might have done               本来能做却没做

should / ought to have done           本该做而实际上没做（抱怨和责备）

should not / ought not to have done   本不该做而做了

needn’t have done                本不必做而做了

十、虚拟语气的其他用法

(1)表示过去本打算做而实际上没有做。

句型：had done (be / intend / think / mean / plan / hope etc) to do

= V-ed + to have done ,would love / like to have done

(2)had hoped表过去未实现的愿望，译为“要想，希望…” ，从句谓语常用“would +V原” 。

eg:He had hoped that the family would come before his granny came.———2013年湖北高考

(3)may(might) as well + V原，译为“不妨，倒不如” ，表示劝说、建议、劝告。

若其后带有某种消极情绪时，常用：might.

[if !supportLists](4) [endif] 表示祝愿、命令的简单句中。常用“may +主语+动词原形” 。

eg:

①Long may you live.

②May you have a good journey!

(5)表示对过去事情的懊悔时，谓语用“should + have + 过去分词” 。

eg: You should have returned the money to Mary.

十一、虚拟语气解题常用技巧

1.找固定句型。

2.主过将从过；主过将完从过完。

十二、虚拟用法形式总结

含三种：

①所有含if的从句（除what if…外）。

②wish从句。

含两种：

①某些特殊连词后的条件句。

②what if…从句。

③would rather从句。

④定从中的虚拟。

含一种：

①含蓄虚拟语气（情+have done / do）。

②名词性从句（除wish外）与表“以防”意义的条件句中的虚拟一样(should+V原) 。